Gender Roles in the United States Essay

1. Briefly discuss the history of ethnic relations in the United States. The ethnic history of the United States was long rooted during the colonial period. The first settlements in the United States were the Spanish outposts in the towns of Florida and California and a French outpost in Louisiana. English colonizers declared the United States’ independence in 1776 due to their yearning for freedom from their own country (Doane). â€Å"The class, racial, ethnic, and gender relationships of the contemporary nation have their roots in the colonial period† (Doane). Because of the failure to force Native American settlers to work on the fields, the British settlers resorted in importing African slaves to work on cotton plantations located at the South, while the Whites chose to reside on the North to further hone their emerging industries (Doane). The ethnic relations of the United States during the early years are characterized by the major issue of racism and discrimination based on skin color. During the colonial times, the poor whites and the indentured servants served as bridges for the slaves and the landlords. The poor whites tried to identify themselves with the rich landowning whites and propagated the idea of white racial identity rather than the class identity (Doane). This action in turn reinforced the racial discrimination in the country. The status, skin color and position in the labor market characterized the relationships among racial and ethnic groups. Some of the Blacks migrated northward to work on industrial jobs but disparity continued as they were paid less than the whites on comparable jobs. The Blacks also received less social benefits than the Whites reinforcing discrimination (Doane). 2. Describe the process of gender role socialization. Give examples of how females and males are trained to fulfill the expectations of their gender roles. There is a tendency for the society to mandate societal rules and determine what is right and acceptable to the people. This process is referred to as gender role socialization, wherein social institutions control the society’s expectations on â€Å"dress code, language, personality, leisure activities and aspirations for each sex† (Padavic and Reskin 53). Through this process, people learn their gender identity. The society associates well established values, attitudes, behavior, choices and performance that are appropriate for gender categories such as men and women. People are able to absorb the specific roles that the society is trying to inculcate to the members of a particular sex (Senior 25). Learning our gender roles is important in the aspect of socialization and our interaction with other people. Childhood experiences of socialization prepare the people in their gender and social roles in such a way that adult members of the society are expecting them to behave (Senior 25). Even as children, people have been trained to behave and act according to their biological sexual orientation. And as such, parents reinforce gender role socialization on their child-rearing methods. They give toy guns and robots to their male children and dolls and kitchen utensils to their female children. People may be unconsciously aware but through this method, social roles are being inculcated within the consciousness of children in the society as they become adults. Toy guns for male children depict that males should be aggressive and courageous. Boys are also more exposed to high-tech toys like PSP and Gameboy reflecting their advantage in the technological field of industry. Female children or girls, on the other hand, are encouraged to play with dolls and kitchen utensils to prepare them to their future social roles which are in charged of the household, homemaker and as domestic provider. It also encouraged the attitudes of women to become caring and nurturing. 3. Discuss the evidence, which points to either gender roles being biological or cultural in origin. Base on this evidence, what conclusions can be drawn about the origins of gender roles. Discuss some of the most important sources of gender inequalities in our society. How can these inequalities be alleviated? One of the speculated causes of the significant difference in the attitudes and social characteristics between men and women is their biological structure. It was said that genes and other biological components play a big role in influencing these social characteristics. There are biological explanations provided in an attempt to examine aggressiveness in males. It was already known that the inherent presence of Y gene in the 23rd chromosome makes males susceptible to physical disarray. However, there is no strong evidence explaining the role of genetics in the aggressiveness of individuals, particularly the males. Several indicators of violence have been found to be more evident in males than in females (Englander 122). Research further reveals the role of androgens in the prevalence of violence. Androgens are male sex hormones that are abundant in males. These hormones were indirectly linked to criminal violence and also to traditional behavior. Studies show that women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a medical condition in which androgens are secreted in the uterus of females, have an inclination to male tastes and preferences. Although there is no concrete evidence of the relationship between androgens and violence, it was suspected to be the reason behind men’s more aggressive behavior (Englander 123). Another biological factor that is thought to be responsible behind the violent attitude of men is the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). Behavioral patterns are related to the level of MOA presence in the blood. Men are found to have lower levels of MAO than women. Lower MAO levels are associated with aggressiveness and the sudden burst of anger and frustrations, especially impulsiveness (Englander 123). Another essential factor that was believed to be responsible for the development of aggression in men and the nurturing attitude of women is the social construction or the difference in how each was reared and molded by culture and society. A person’s social environment is accountable for the values inculcated in his or her personality. His or her socially-constructed identity is viewed to be inherent with his biological sex. Difference in gender has a widespread effect in the society, which was supported by documented knowledge in socio-biology and evolutionary psychology. This collection of knowledge states that men and women are irrevocably different in bodily configurations (Taylor & Spencer 41). Such disparities in gender can be alleviated through programs that will breach the inequality in gender such as having equal opportunity on the workplace. We could also start hastening changes through campaign programs that will call for equality between genders. Works Cited Doane, Molly. 2007. â€Å"Culture of United States of America†. Advameg, Inc. 11 November 2008 . Englander, Elizabeth Kandel. Understanding Violence. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. , 2007. Padavic, Irene and Barabara F. Reskin. Women and Men at Work, 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press, 2002. Senior, Olive. Working Miracles. London: James Currey Ltd. , 1991. Taylor, Gary and Steve Spencer. Social Identities: Multidisciplinary Approaches. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Consitution, Declaration of Independence, & Bill of Rights essays

Consitution, Declaration of Independence, & Bill of Rights essays Although many people today get them mixed up, the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and the Bill of Rights each had a specific purpose and use. The Declaration of Independence, for example, was written in 1776 and was the Americans way of telling Britain that they had put up with enough of her unfair policies and actions, and they wished to depart from the British Empire. Instead of just saying the American Colonies wanted out, plain and simple, the document was written in such a way where it pointed out exactly what the British (more specifically, the king) had done to bring the situation to such a breaking point, justifying their need for separation. After the war was over, the new country was still divided into independent states, which in turn kept the immediate success of America on hold. There were those in this country that saw the need for the states to band together and have a strong national government. Each state selected representatives that were sent to Philadelphia to work out a plan to help the country succeed. Through all of the debate and arguments, the Constitution was formed, taking place of the Articles of Confederation. The main idea that came from the Constitution was the power of the national government was divided into three branches. By doing so, the fear of having a leader-turned-tyrant would be eliminated. It also fixed the loopholes of the Articles of Confederation, which did not give the government the right to regulate trade or collect taxes. This new document was very specific and set out a guideline to work with. After the Constitution was written, it had to be ratified by nine out of thir teen state conventions. Seven were gathered without much of a problem, but the remaining six held off. After much persuasion, eventually nine states were gathered (all but New York, North Carolina, Virginia, and Rhode Island). Washington, Madison, and Jefferson, who all went into t...

The Economic Analysis of the United States

The Economic Analysis of the United States The national income of a country describes the total factor earnings from a country’s current production of goods and services. Statistically, the U.S average national income amounted to 4.7% in January 2012 as compared to 3.7% in December 2011. On the other hand, the U.S average national disposable income amounted to 3.4% in January 2012 compared to 3.6% in December 2011.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Economic Analysis of the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The average national consumer expenditure was estimated at 4.7% in January 2012 compared with 3.6% in December 2011 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012). In summary, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the average national income increased by $61.3 billion, or 0.6%, and the disposable average national income increased by 47.1 billion or 0.4% in January 2012. In December 2011, the average national consumption expenditu re increased by $7.4 billion or 0.1%; average national disposable income decreased by $4.1 billion, or less than 0.1%; and average national consumption expenditure increased by $11.4 billion, or 0.1%, as reflected on revised estimates (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012). Factors Affecting the Average National Income One of the significant factors affecting the current average income is- factors of production. According to Mishkin (2010), the richer and efficient the resources of a country is, the higher the average national income level or Gross National Product. Some of the major factors of production that affects average national income includes, land, capital, entrepreneur, and labor. Land combine resources like iron, coal, and timber which are very essential for heavy industries. The geographical location of these natural resources influences the gross national product which is used for the calculation of average notational income. Capital is highly determined by level of invest ment which in turn may increase or reduce the level of average national income. Labor and entrepreneur affect the productivity or quality of human resources. As such, education and manpower planning often influence the productivity and production capacity of a country’s economic income (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012). Other important factors affecting average national income are: technology, government, and political stability. Usually, technological development affects the level of innovation and invention on production and may lead to an increase in average national income of a country (Mishkin, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Government can also help in creating a business environment that is favorable for investment. This will boost trade and other economic activities hence increasing average national income. Similarly, favorable or s table political and economic system enables allocation of resources, encourage investment, and business activities which in turn boosts a country’s average national income (Mishkin, 2010). U.S Current Unemployment Rate According to US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the preliminary estimates released showed that the current seasonally unemployment rate adjustment for January 2012 went down to 8.3% from 9.1% in January, 2010 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). Generally, the seasonal unemployment adjustment numbers appeared to be steadily decreasing from September, 2011 when the figure was 9% to 8.3% in January 2012, with the actual number of people who had jobs in January standing at 130.263 million people compared to 133.746 million people in September, 2011. This implies that about 1.5 million people were unemployed in January than in September, and almost 2.5 million less people were working in January than in November 2011 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). Generally, from each year’s November to January of the subsequent year, the US unemployment rates drops since seasonal employees are picked by stores for Christmas season and inventory year-end. As expected, the number of unemployed individuals decreased to 12.8 million in January, 2012 and the number of those who lost jobs as well as the number of people who completed temporary jobs declined to 12.8 million(U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). The number of persons with long-term unemployment record was charged at 5.5 million, accounting for 42.8% of the unemployed persons. Nevertheless, January, 2012 saw significant change in the government employment rates as compared to the last 12 months. About 277,000 jobs were lost due to the decline in state government, local government, education, and the postal service jobs (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). Factors Affecting Unemployment Rate Factors that affect unemployment rates can be categorized into three major categories: frictional, cyclical, and str uctural unemployment. Frictional unemployment is a type of unemployment which happens as a result of mobility of labor, especially when workers wait to start new jobs or change job (Mishkin, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Economic Analysis of the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because jobs searches by employees and respective correspondence by employers often take time on any particular day in the market economy, a gap between people who are looking for jobs and those waiting to begin jobs is created. This may affect a country’s unemployment rate. Cyclical unemployment occurs when an economy is experiencing recession. The major causes of this type of unemployment are decline in level of investment, consumption, government expenditure in the economy, or decrease in demand of services and goods exported to other countries. As a result of reduction in national production and spending level falls, some employees are laid off by their respective employers (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). In fact, some of the highest unemployment rates experienced in US economy have been as a result of economic rescission. On the other hand, structural unemployment occurs when people are seeking for jobs yet they have no skills or education to fill the jobs that may be currently available. The policies developed to deal with structural unemployment only provide training programs for the workers, or subsidized education, and training programs available to only universities and colleges, businesses, or technical schools. Such trends may often give a bigger figure of unemployment rate in a country (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). Inflation Rate Inflation is the general rise in commodity prices measured against the purchasing power standard level or increase of money supply in the economy (Mishkin, 2010). In US, the consumer price index over the last 12 months in all urban c onsumers amplified to 3.0% before the seasonal adjustment (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Generally, the energy index indicated a decrease in December, 2011, counterbalancing increases in other indexes. For instance, the index for gasoline as well as household goods declined for three months in a row. However, the general food index increased in December, 2011 after a considerable decline in the previous months. With the exemption of energy and food, indices for different items increased by 0.1% in January 2012 after rising by 0.2 in December 2011 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Medical care, tobacco shelter, and recreation indices all indicated an increase, with trucks and cars, apparel, and new vehicles indices registering significant decline (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, in the previous months (from December 2010), consumer index changes in various items with exception of energy and food, were estimated at 2.3 percent, while change in food index over the last s edged up to 4.7 percent from 4.6 percent. Therefore, based on the US bureau of labor statistics reported on January, 2012, the current US inflation rate stands at 3.0% (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Factors Affecting Inflation Demand of the commodities is one of the significant that affects inflation. High demand of goods often results into inflation especially in the situation where the there is aggregate increase in demand for resources either from households or entrepreneurs or government (Mishkin, 2010). This may result into pressure of demand that may not be met by the current aggregate supply available in the economy hence generating inflationary pressure in the economy. Another significant factor that may affect inflation is the cost of products. This occurs in a situation wher e even if there is no aggregate increase in demand, there may be a rise in prices, due to increase in costs especially wage cost (Mishkin, 2010). Structural change in the economy may also contribute to inflation: change in the structure of economy my give rise to price increases thus generating pressure of inflation (Mishkin, 2010). References Mishkin, F. S. (2010). The economics of money, banking financial markets. Boston: Addison-Wesley. U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). The 2012 Statistical Abstract. Web. U.S. Department of Labor. (2012). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/mslo.nr0.htm U.S. Department of Commerce. (2012). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.bea.gov/

Adverb(ial) Phrases in English

Adverb(ial) Phrases in English An adverb phrase (or adverbial phrase) is a word group with an adverb as its head. This adverb may be accompanied by modifiers or qualifiers. An adverb phrase can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even an entire sentence or main clause. As shown in the examples below, it can appear in a number of different positions in a sentence. Examples of Adverbial Phrases The Cheshire Cat vanished quite slowly, beginning with the end of its tail.The players responded surprisingly well to all the pressures of the playoffs.The best way to preserve the flavor and texture of fresh vegetables is to cook them as quickly as possible.As quickly as possible, we cleaned the fish and placed them in coolers.The air was warm, stirred only occasionally by a breeze.Only occasionally is there a rumble in the sky or a hint of rain.Snow fell much earlier than usual.My daughters choice of driving music is,  surprisingly enough, classic rock. Quotes With Adverb Phrases James Russell Lowell If youth be a defect, it is one that we outgrow only too soon. Beverly Barton, Close Enough to Kill Bernie watched Jims face for a reaction.  Surprisingly enough, he grinned. Adverbial Phrases Without Adverbs Theyre called adverbial phrases because they can occur in the same range of positions as single adverbs. Many such adverbial phrases, paradoxically, do not contain an adverb. Such adverb-less adverbial phrases are typically prepositional phrases, as italicized in the examples below from James R. Hurford in Grammar: A Students Guide. On Friday night, Im playing squash.Their marriage broke up in the most painful way.May I, on behalf of the shareholders, congratulate you? Positioning Adverb Phrases Jame R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide Like adverbs, adverb phrases can cause confusion because there is some flexibility in where they occur within sentences, and even in modifying the sentence structure. As well, adverb phrases are sometimes embedded in other phrases. Examples are: Laura, a better, gentler, more beautiful Laura, whom everybody, everybody loved dearly and tenderly.He had taken her hand sympathizingly, forgivingly, but his silence made me curious.David, on the lowest step, was very evidently not hearing a word of what was being said. Our first example identifies an adverb phrase following the verb loved; the next example shows an adverb phrase following the noun hand and removed from the verb it modifies; the third example has an adverb phrase embedded into a verb phrase was...hearing. Such flexibility makes it more difficult to identify these phrases; therefore, noting the head adverb can be of help. Sources Barton, Beverly. Close Enough to Kill. Hardcover, Zebra Books/Kensington Publish, 2006. Hurford, James R. Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, January 27, 1995. ODwyer, Bernard. Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. 2nd Edition, Broadview Press, June 16, 2006.

Future Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future - Assignment Example – (Baudrillard, 1993) Baudrillard was of the view that the art world, in recent years, has moved into dark insight for future, with creativity significantly stifled by lack of curiosity and aesthetic sense. The artistic intellect of people has been largely paralysed, leading the art world into anarchy and blindness. It is same as a biological system being affected by disorder in its internal genetics and inherent rules that govern it. Similarly, art world has faced turmoil due to collapse of the underlying components that establish its foundation. The above quoted statement suggests that currently, the field of telematics has suffered largely from its own backfired initiative taken for promoting transparency and candidness. To make it worse, eventually technology came into role-play which focused primarily on creating mobility and connectivity. In due course of achieving these goals, technology led the society into a scenario where face-to-face communication is no longer value d or considered (Baudrillard, 1993). Although, the whole propaganda of art has been observed to flourish across the globe in recent decades, this enhancement is not in real terms. The true spirit and obsession that was embedded in art forms in previous times has diminished largely. The innovation, that once led artists and spectators into an imaginary world and generated serenity and ecstasy for them, no longer exists in the modern world. Consequently, art has lost its cultural significance, emotional attachments and extrinsic value in our societies. Now, the masses have gone astray in absence of aesthetic sense for artistic objects and primarily focus on their materialistic values and religious implications (Gane, 1995). â€Å"Artists and ordinary Web surfers alike will have to determine whether cyberspace truly is a new form of absence and ‘transparent evil’, or whether, instead, it is a place for creative, intelligent, and beneficial sensory exploration and communal connection.† - C. Freeland Previously known merely as a network of computer terminals, cyberspace is no longer restricted to this simple and technical definition. Freeland claimed that the internet has embedded into our communities and lives to an extent where survival without it is not possible anymore. He stated that it has promoted transparency to unacceptable levels, thereby allowing social evils to be easily acknowledged by masses as part of the evolution process. It is only fair to state here that the global village is on the verge of entering an information and technology age where spatial creations shall be more valued than natural beauty. In context of art, internet has caused a major transition of people from appreciating reality and originality to accepting the virtual forms of art. Simulation discards the craving for an aesthetic eye to be pleased with some real piece of art; instead, it develops recognition for ‘hyperreal’ content which is limited on ly to screens that displays cyberspace interface. Transparency here refers to the increasing proximity of

Strategic Contingencles Affecting the Strategic Choices That Qantas Essay

Strategic Contingencles Affecting the Strategic Choices That Qantas - Essay Example This paper declares that an organization should have a prepared in advance change management, or even emergency management, strategy and procedures. Such a plan will help to respond to changes fast and effectively. In addition, it will help the HR department to ensure that the measures a company takes in such a situation are clear and understood by the employees. This essay explores that the particular goal of HR management is one of the focus points of the given paper. In addition, this works aims to analyse and evaluate real-life strategic contingencies that might have great impact on strategic choices, as well as HR planning, of an organization. In particular, the case of Group of Qantas Airways Limited, an Queensland-based group of companies, will be examined. The research will, then, help to provide recommendations on how the company can maintain the commitment of employees and implement HR planning. The major part of profits comes from Qantas’ airline brands – Qantas and Jetstar, which have 252 aircrafts that carry over 40,000 passengers a year. Qantas Airways works both domestically and internationally, and is planning to expand its baseness and strengthen its positions in Asian market. In addition, the company already works in Australia and Papua New Guinea, Japan, North Asia, UK, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Amer icas, New Zealand and the Pacific, and South East Asia. (Fact File 2010, 38). Being one of the largest Australian employers, the company has 32,500 employees. Most of them are based in Australia (Fact File 2010, 44). However, foreign divisions of the company are continuously growing. For that reason managing HR is more complex for the company – foreign employees even have different, lower than in Australia, pay rates. So effective management of productivity, workforce planning and budgets is one of the company’s priorities. This task has become even more important as the company has been affected by a number of strategic contingencies. Strategic contingencies affecting Qantas Recently Alan Joyce, Qantas’s CEO, has announced that the company is going for restructuring and tough reforms (The Australian. 2011). This strategic solution came up as a result of a number of strategic contingencies that affect the company. In particular, the decision is based on the foll owing facts: The Civil Aviation Safety Authority of

Wireless technology security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wireless technology security - Research Paper Example It facilitates easy movement and the extension of common applications to several areas of a building, town or the world minus costly cable installations. Their implementation and administration is based on radio communication, which occurs at the physical layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) type of network structure (Rappaport, 2002). This paper will discuss various wireless network types and security protocols. Although with several variations, basically, there are three main types of wireless networks namely, Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) (Pahlavan & Levesque, 1995). Since setting up a wireless network must include means that ensure only authorized users can access and use it, the paper will also look at the security risks government and businesses run by using wireless networks with their associated security measures. WPAN These are low range networks used for linking devices that are ge nerally within a person’s reach in relatively small areas. As cable replacement for peripheral devices, WPANs are commonly used in interconnection of printers, personal assistants, headsets and scanners in the absence of hard wired connections (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009). The key technologies in WPAN are Bluetooth and infrared. Bluetooth connectivity can have a 10 Mbps throughput in a range of up to 100 meters without using an amplifier. With the integration of WiFi in some electronic consumer devices and the highly efficient power consumption of Bluetooth technology, the popularity of WPAN is growing (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009). Infrared technology can establish wireless connections speeds of a few Mbps over several meters. WLAN A WLAN connects devices over short distances such as in a library, coffee shop, and university campus or aboard an airplane or train, and eventually provides connection to the broader internet via an access point (Geier, 2002). Within the W LAN, all components connecting to a wireless medium are known as stations and are equipped with interface controllers. The stations are broadly categorized into two; clients and access points (APs). Wireless clients are made up of mobile devices like IP phones, personal digital assistants and laptops. They also include fixed devices like workstations and desktop computers fitted with interfaces for the wireless network. On the other hand, APs serve as the wireless network’s base stations and are normally routers. In their function, they receive and transmit radio frequencies from and to the wireless enabled devices, enabling them to communicate with each other. Within a WLAN, users who do not need internet access may create a temporary network among themselves without using the access points. Making use of spread spectrum technology, a WLAN lets users stay connected to the network even when they move around, so long as they are still within the local area of coverage (Geier, 2002). For networks or computers placed in two relatively distant points, the fixed wireless technology makes use of point to point links over a dedicated microwave connection in a line of sight path. An example of such fixed wireless technology occurs in the linking of networks located in several buildings across a city. WLANs offer benefits like reduced ownership costs (except the high initial acquisition cost), quick installation, scalability and flexibility. Its growth is aided by popularity and affordability of laptops and other handheld devices. With public APs, passwords or registrations are not often required to link to the network. WWAN Typically, WWANs offer coverage over wide areas like between bordering cities, towns or neighborhoods. They connect an organization’