Examples of Plural Tantum in English

Plurale tantum is a  noun that appears only in the plural and doesnt ordinarily have a singular form (for example, jeans, pajamas, tweezers, shears, and scissors). Also known as a lexical plural. Plural:  pluralia tantum. Jeans, scissors, trousers, and glasses are great examples of plural tantum  nouns in the English language. Singular Tantum A noun that appears only in the singular form--such as dirt--is known as singulare tantum. Etymology of Plural Tantum Latin  for plural only Examples and Observations Richard Lederer [in Crazy English, 1990] asks, Doesnt it seem just a little loopy that we can make amends but never just one amend; that no matter how carefully we comb through the annals of history, we can never discover just one annal; that we can never pull a shenanigan, be in a doldrum, or get a jitter, a willy, a delerium tremen, a jimjam, or a heebie-jeebie? Lederer is alluding to pluralia tantum: Nouns that are always plural. Because they are not the result of pluralizing a singular, the complete plural form, -s and all, has to be stored in memory. Pluralia tantum in a sense are irregular regulars, and indeed they are happy to appear inside compounds: almsgiver (not almgiver), arms race (not arm race), blues rocker (not blue rocker), clothesbrush, Humanities department, jeans maker, newsmaker, oddsmaker, painstaking.(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. Basic Books, 1999) Items of Clothing Lets take a look at other pluralia tantum in the pants/trousers family:(Mark Liberman, Language Log, Feb. 15, 2007) Outergarments: pants (orig. pantaloons), trousers, slacks, breeches/britches, bloomers, jeans, dungarees, bell bottoms, chinos, tights, shorts, trunks, Bermudas (extended to brand names: Levis, 501s, Wranglers, Calvins)Undergarments: underpants, long johns, skivvies, drawers, panties, knickers, boxers, briefs, undies, tighty-whities (extended to brand names: BVDs, Fruit of the Looms, Jockeys) How to Turn Lexical Plurals Into Count Nouns Nouns for articles of dress consisting of two parts are also treated as plural: [A] Where ​are my trousers?[B] They are in the bedroom where you put them. But such plural nouns can be turned into ordinary count nouns by means of a pair of or pairs of: I need to buy a new pair of trousers.How many pairs of blue jeans do you have? (Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2013) Lexical Concepts, Not Linguistic Classes The definitional property of having no singular turns out to be shallow and sometimes accidental, often (as in English) practically impossible to define and circumscribe. The state of affairs resembles the status of the mass-count distinction. . . . While they remain necessary as descriptive concepts, mass and count cannot be defined as grammatical properties of lexical items outside of a context, as Borer (2005) cogently shows. In the same way, I think, pluralia and singularia tantum are indispensable descriptive concepts, but they are not genuine linguistic classes. Therefore, we cannot build a notion of lexical plurals around that of pluralia tantum.(Paolo Acquaviva, Lexical Plurals: A Morphosemantic Approach. Oxford University Press, 2008)

Global Warming And Its Effects On The Environment

One of the most magnificent experiences on the planet is to go scuba diving off the coast of Australia among the Great Barrier Reefs. Yet, many scientists believe that changes in ocean density due to higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas, will cause coral bleaching and increased disease and death of the coral reefs. The threat to coral reefs is directly tied to human impact, and is not just the fault of commercial industry. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2011, passenger cars and light-duty trucks (pick-up trucks, sport utility vehicles, minivans, and the like), accounted for 61% of the transportation emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in this country.†¦show more content†¦According to a 2012 Gallup poll, the â€Å"majority of Americans -- 77% of the adult population -- identify with a Christian religion.† This high percentage represents a sufficient number of people to effect changes th roughout the country. Even if non-Christians are not convinced that it is in their best interest to conserve the environmental resources, Christians should still work to achieve this goal. The scriptures directly forbid Christians from bringing harm upon the land. In the book of Numbers, God commands His people as follows, â€Å"You shall not defile the land in which you live†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Numbers 35:34 NASB) Moreover, humans are additionally charged with protecting the environment in the book of Genesis, â€Å"Then the LORD God took the man and put him into the Garden of Eden to cultivate it and keep it.† (Genesis 2:15) It is important to note that the Hebrew word for â€Å"keep it† is â€Å"shaÌ‚mar†, which is better translated to â€Å"guard† or â€Å"protect†. Therefore, not only have Christians have been specifically charged with not harming the land, Christians have the added duty to cultivating and maintaining it as well. One way to protect the Earth is to decrease the total amount of harmful greenhouse gas emissions by shifting the reliance on private transportation to public transportation. Increasing usage of public transportation would decrease the total number of vehicles on the road. Reducing the number of

Mary Slessor s The Lord - 1124 Words

Mary Slessor’s story has been told countless times for her bravery and dedication to the call of the Lord. However, despite the fame that she had acquired, she held on her to humility and gave glory to the Lord instead. She said, â€Å"Blessed the man and woman who is able to serve cheerfully in the second rank - a big test.† This quote shows her desire to serve the Lord and give Him credit before she gave herself and glory. Mary exhibited this type of humility throughout her mission work in Africa. During her time there, she accomplished many difficult tasks and challenges while still relying on the Lord for help and guidance. Despite the physical hardships and fear of dangerous situations, Mary Slessor persevered and became one of the first†¦show more content†¦Mary Slessor exhibited determination like no other. While in Calabar, she felt the Lord leading her to a nearby tribe, otherwise known as the Okoyong people, who was â€Å"specially noted for its lawl ess heathenism† (Livingstone 46). The tribe consistently denied her request to come see them and were adamant that they did not want any missionaries. Despite this discouragement, she set out on her own in a canoe down the Calabar River, so that she could minister to the people. When she decided she wanted to make a home among this tribe, the people of her previous village told her she would surely be killed. However, she preserved knowing that Lord’s purpose for her involved the Okoyong people. It was in this village that she cared for the children, began to teach them how to read and write, shared community with the women, and planted the first ever Okoyong church. Beyond her determination, she maintained a courageous attitude among this people group. During her time there, the son of the chief of the tribe had died from an accident caused by a log. Because of this, the chief sentenced all the people who were around to death. Instead of being fearful for her own life, Mary fought for the lives of these people against the drunken mob. She devised a plan to help the prisoners escape and trusted in the Lord to help her execute her plan without using force. After demonstrating such valor, she managed to save every single prisoner. This was one of the first times

Challenges Facing Our Lives And Our Success At Meeting

We are all faced with challenges in our lives and our success at meeting those challenges head on lies much in our attitudes towards them. Life challenges causes a person to step and to face the problem and to create cause. When faced with a challenge, its often the fear of the unknown that causes some people to get stressed out by the challenge itself and they start to feel inadequate and not in the least ready to conquer whatever it is they have to face. While facing the challenge head on you are affecting you attitude to help you work through the challenge. A person s attitude while going through a challenge can affect your self-affirmation.Standing in front of a mirror when we re getting ready to go out is something that we all†¦show more content†¦By Most people have possibly seen friends cope with things such as a serious illness, the death of a loved one or the loss of a job and wondered how they’ve coped with these adversities so well. Basically, theyâ€⠄¢ll have made a conscious decision to be positive about life and resilient and it truly is all about choice and your own attitude towards that. Resilience isn’t about not experiencing difficult emotions or sweeping things under the carpet but about choosing to harness your inner strengths to help you cope when times are tough. If you think that the alternative is to dwell on problems and feel victimized, isn’t it likely that you’d choose to become more resilient? While facing the challenge head on you are affecting you attitude to help you work through the challenge. Your ability to succeed when faced with a difficult challenge lies in your mental attitude. It’s often easy to have a positive approach to life when things are going well but you need to adopt the same principles when faced with adversity. Look at successful business people or others that you admire as an example. They all recognise that challenges and difficulties are part and parcel of life and that there are inevitably going to be setbacks and disappointments along the way. They are clever enough to sidestep the problems and hurdles most of the time but when they do crop up, watch how they learn from the challenges and rise above them. Often people findShow MoreRelatedHow Emotions Affects Emotions And Emotions978 Words   |  4 Pages Emotions and moods are part of our everyday lives. From the time we awake in the morning until the moment we close our eyes to sleep, we experience some type of emotion or mood. What are emotions and moods? Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often (though not always) lack contextual stimulus (Robbins Judge, 2009). A number of lifestyle events affect or emotions and moodsRead MoreThe Health Leadership Alliance Model993 Words   |  4 PagesPart of her responsibility includes navigating through an online system called â€Å"Shift Planning† in order schedule shifts for the various staff members such as, supervisors, responders, and third riders. She also attends all the Eboard meetings and distributes meeting minutes as well as weekly announcements to others involved in this organization. Kanji mostly helps the new responders get accustomed to the program, ensuring that they ease their way into the culture of LUCEMS. She can be viewed as theRead MoreReview Of Fahrenheit 451 Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesothers believed they should be treated, but never did his society want to take a challenge onto their puny lives just like how Guy Montag did after realizing the real significance behind books. Ray Bradbury’s compelling novel, Fahrenheit 451, is about a fireman, Montag, whom is trying to seek happiness, and freedom by believing that books function as a human being that can help him solve the problem he is currently facing. This novel is based upon a chaotic, collapsed society that relies too much onRead MoreAnalysis Of Fahrenheit 451 Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesa human being that can help him solve the problem he is currently facing. This novel is based upon a chaotic, collapsed society that relies too much on technology, putting aside books and abolishing them as if they were something â€Å"evil.† The most relevant theme in this novel is that knowledge is a powerful item that can lead one to success, if one is dependent on their ignorance then they will never experience true success and live a life full of misery and despair. There are so many different typesRead MoreMotivation Analysis : Organization Behavior1576 Words   |  7 PagesProblem At many companies employees are merely viewed as being just another input into the production of goods and services. At our company we view our employees as being purpose filled and a part of our success. Our company is currently facing challenges in meeting our revenue expectations and is experiencing a loss of productivity due to the lack of motivation within our workforce. This has resulted in three consecutive quarters of missed revenue expectations and if unaddressed we will continueRead MoreEssay on English Language Learner945 Words   |  4 PagesSchools in the United States of America (USA) are facing many challenges, because of the increasing numbers of the English Language Learner (ELL) students. School administrators are trying hard to provide an equal opportunity education to their students. Furthermore, educators are looking forward in providing several methods and technique to help their students to succeed in their academic learning skills. There are many factors tha t need to focus on and it can be the fundamental when trying to buildRead MoreAdvocating For Organizational Change : Bridging The Gaps Of Service For The Doe Family1153 Words   |  5 Pagesin need, an astute, savvy and expertly tuned-in social worker will also identify the gaps in service and move forward with filling in where limitations are evident. The Doe family in question, one whose sweeping problems and challenges have been thoroughly explored in our recent projects, will not be able to experience the best possible opportunities for healing and recovering until all of the evident gaps in service are identified and properly addressed. As professional social workers, let usRead MoreThe United States Marine Corps1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Marine Corps I believe the United States Marine Corps is one of the greatest organizations someone that can be a part of. Since 1775 the Marine Corps has served to protect our nation both at home and abroad. One of the main aspects that makes the Marine Corps such a remarkable organization is its culture. This culture has served the Marine Corps and this nation in two ways. First, the Marine Corps has frequently found itself at the mercy of politicians who would take the utilitarianRead MoreEssay Medical Groups and Their Need of Positive Psychology1613 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Our health care system has never been more complicated than it is today. Many factors have created this complexity: †¢ Ongoing scientific research †¢ Corresponding innovations of new technologies, devices, and pharmaceuticals †¢ Convoluted changes in an already intricate legal and regulatory environment. As a result, clinical treatment protocols have been changing at a dizzyingly accelerated pace. These shifting dynamics have exacerbated the incessant challenges of medical group practiceRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages I am not sure who made the term dress for success popular but I believe the term falls short. Anyone can dress up and look great but there is much more to success then dressing the part. While it is important for organizations to have their employees presenting themselves with a professional look and manner, there are also many other concepts within an organization that need to be addressed. Organizational Behavior, as defined in our text, is the study of human behavior in organizations

Classroom Management Plan Free Essays

I believe Classroom Management is the key component in any educational setting. I believe that if students are in a safe environment, then learning can take place. This doesn’t necessarily mean punishing behavior problems but rather a combination of setting the tone in a class, preventing behavior problems with interesting and engaging curriculums and effectively including all students in the classroom so that their needs are met. We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Management Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having the right environment for all students to learn is my major goal of implementing good classroom management–without it the students would not be able to learn. Outside of their parents, the teacher is the next adult figure with the most influence in their lives. I must take every student under my wing and guide them through the year. In order to do that, the environment of the classroom I create will comprise of me taking a sincere interest in students and see them as unique individuals. I will be notice if they play any sports, or participate in any clubs and connect with them at that level. I will also build lasting relationships that inspire and encourage students to be confident with whom they are. Every single student in my classroom will be recognized for the diversity they bring to the community and I will never allow them to think they are less significant than someone else. I want a community classroom that is structured with independence, encouragement, an open-mind, and student cooperation. Cooperation and communication are vital in establishing a classroom because it considerably limits negative situations. As a teacher, I will set guidelines the classroom. In addition to establishing guidelines, I also believe it is important to know my students as individuals. Getting to know them, listening about their interests, attending their award ceremonies, this establishes a mutual respect and trust that transcends into the classroom. When my students view me as a teacher who has a vested interest in them, they are less likely to display negative behaviors in the classroom. As a teacher I believe that it is my responsibility to provide each student with the optimal learning environment in which to thrive academically. Establishing and maintaining a positive classroom climate based on mutual respect and responsibility not only fosters academic growth, but also provides a foundation for minimizing negative behaviors. By creating this environment, serious discipline issues, as well as minor issues, are often prevented, allowing growth to be the primary focus, not discipline. The first step is to ensure that children understand what is expected of them. Teachers should model expectations. For example, when children are treated with fairness and respect, they will react in kind. Therefore adults in the classroom must model a positive, caring attitude. Because children learn differently, it is important to employ various strategies for helping a child learn how to appropriately behave in the classroom. Philosophical Statement In order for me to succeed as their teacher, I must be consistent and reliable. Students can expect me to treat them the way I want to be treated. I have learned it is important to hold myself to high standards and I hope my students will return the favor. Responsibility, respect, honor, and equality are four specific qualities I value and I anticipate my students will see me display these traits and model after them. I want nothing more and expect nothing less than to see young minds grow and mature into exceptional individuals who succeed in and out of the classroom. In addition to a structured environment, children also need a caring environment in which they feel safe to make mistakes and to learn. Though I believe that the classroom is a serious place for learning, there are also many opportunities for play and for silliness. I want my students to feel comfortable in the classroom, and to know that I am always approachable. Bringing in songs and costumes and participating in activities with my students will allow them to see that I not only care about their learning, but I also care about enjoying time with them. My assumptions about young people are that their peers and the media pull them in many directions. When I look around, I see so many advertisements, TV shows, shopping stores, and people trying to get the attention of our children. They flash pretty pictures and sound off hip music to draw our children in, and convince them that they need to be cool by either buying something or having something in their possession. The young people today also seem to be more mature than in the past, but this maturity also brings about much confusion and anxiety. Young people are looking for a safe haven and refuge from the many mixed messages that are being sent to them. For many young people, their home environments are unstable, which leads to more confusion. How to cite Classroom Management Plan, Essay examples Classroom Management Plan Free Essays There is a big difference between a classroom with a management plan and one without one. According to Wong and Wong that â€Å"classroom management refers to all the things that a teacher does to organize students, space, time, and materials so that student learning can take place† (2005, p. 84). We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Management Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Classroom management skills add effectiveness and success into the classroom. It is important to have a well structured classroom so that the best education can be given to our students. A well structured classroom includes set of rules and procedures. Without rules and procedures a classroom would be chaos. Proper classroom management techniques can foster student involvement in classroom activities and can establish a productive working environment. â€Å"Some characteristics of a Well-Managed Classroom: students are deeply involved with their work, especially academic, teacher-led instruction, students know what is expected of them and are successful, there is little wasted time, confusion, or disruption, and the climate in the classroom is work-oriented, but relaxed and pleasant† (Wong Wong, 2005, p.  86). A classroom management plan helps enable teachers to get more accomplished in the classroom. They know what they should be focusing on in order to give their students the proper education. It is important to have rules for your classroom. Making up rules as you go can be very stressful and not as beneficial. How to cite Classroom Management Plan, Essays

Marketing Strategy and Plan for Sony Corporation

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Strategy and Plan for Sony Corporation. Answer: Introduction A marketing plan is considered to be the most useful tool which helps in improving the overall efficiency and the effectiveness of the concerned organization within the concerned marketplaces. In order to understand the desired impact of the external and the internal factors on the concerned firm, Sony Corporation has been taken into consideration. Three of the different resources have been used to conduct this marketing plan they are industry reports, company reports, and the prescribed textbooks. This research paper will help in evaluating the different aspects required to be identified in order to bring out the desired marketing plan for Sony Corporation of Australia (Ferrell and Hartline, 2012). Selection of the appropriate target market is supposed to be of great importance as it helps in evaluating the growth of the firm on a large scale (Hollensen, 2015). The use of the marketing mix is crucial as it helps in highlighting the quality of the products in front of the customers b y various means. Background to the Company Sony Corporation is one of the leading firms in the field of technology, financial and gaming services. The origin of the company is Japan and it operates its business processes throughout different countries including Australia (Kotler et al., 2015). The quality of the products delivered by Sony Corporation is of superior quality which has helped the firm in developing its brand reputation in front of the customers concerned. The company was founded in the year 1946 in Japan and it has enhanced its market share across different countries of the world. Moreover, there are other services offered by the firm such as entertainment services which include music, pictures etc. SWOT Table Strengths Weaknesses 1. Higher growth rate 2. Skilled workforce 3. Higher Brand presence 4. Higher amount of profitability and revenue 5. A large distribution and sales networks 1. Smaller businesses units 2. Higher loan rates are available 3. No lower amount of products Opportunities Threats 1. Developing economy 2. Rapid change in the latest technologies 3. New market segments 4. Growing rate and profitability 5. Development of new products as well as services 1. Introduction of the new technologies 2. Increase in the cost of labors 3. Entrance of new companies in the market segments 4. Financial capacity Findings The internal and external market segments of Australia evaluate the fact that the firm can use its strengths in order to execute its business processes effectively. The company is having its global presence across different countries and by delivering of good quality of products the firm has increased its customers base (Berthon, 2012).Moreover, the skilled workforce is providing the firm the desired elevation in the growth and development of the corporation. On the other hand, the assistance to the customers is supposed to be of great importance and this is done with the help of experienced employees and thus, it reveals the fact that the skilled workforce is providing the best efforts in bringing the positive outcomes for the firm. Moreover, the limit to the financial capacity is a limit to the firm and this need to be rectified as to enhance the growth of the company throughout the large market segments. In order to improve the business processes within the fixed market areas, it becomes very important for the firm to identify the potential threats to the firm. There are several opportunities to the firm in order to enhance their business processes throughout the concerned market segments of Australia (Thompson, 2013). The change in the latest technologies is another advantage which can be utilized by the company to enhance its productivity to a large scale. Throughout the different market areas of Australia such as in Melbourne or Sydney, people are getting attracted towards the use of latest technologies and therefore the implementation of the latest technologies will help in increasing the growth rate of the firm to a large scale. The brand name of the company needs to be used, for selling all its products to the customers. Formulation of the effective strategies is required in order to reduce the crucial threats from its competitors and other factors. Recommendations Target Market The concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning are being used by the company in order to execute the business processes within a particular selected market segments. Age is one of the segmenting variables on the basis of which the company is targeting all its customers throughout the market segments of Melbourne (Morgan et al., 2012). The company is making all its products as per the latest trends and thus, the focus towards the people between ages 18 to 35 years of age supposed to be most effective for selling of these products (Tripp, 2014). It has been seen that all across Melbourne market segments, people are more prone towards the change in the latest technologies and this segmenting variable will help the firm in attracting a large number of the customers towards the business (Li, 2013). New Product Description The company is planning to launch its new LAPTAB which is the combination of the mobile and the tablet in order to provide the best and unique experience to the customers. The model of the product is XPERIA X4. The use of the marketing mix variables is supposed to be important for this. Product The product has unique features such as 4GB of RAM 32GB of ROM with other exceptional features. The primary aim of launching the product is to capture the entire market segments with this price range (Fifield, 2012). Price The company is using differentiation in the pricing strategy as with the same price of the products available at other competitors. The price has been set for AUD299as the initial price. Place The market segments of Melbourne and Sydney are selected first for the launch of this product and then online marketing will be used to sell the product to a large number of the customers. Melbourne is the first target market selected for the firm for selling all its products (Agrawal, 2013). Promotion The use of online marketing, as well as social media, is being used for the effective promotion of the product throughout the concerned market areas. Moreover, different promotional campaigns will help in attracting a large number of the customers'. Customer Value proposition Customers value proposition is merely the description of the experience which the customer will after using that particular product (Westwood, 2013). There the purchasing of the products as well as the use of the products needed to be made reliable with the help of effectual strategies and latest innovative technologies. The benefits of the customers needed to be recognized by the firm as this will help in enhancing the satisfaction level of the customers (Bng and Roos, 2014). Moreover, the Customer Value proposition provides the desired approach in order to understand the target use for the selling of the products. Justification of the Choice of New Product It has been seen that latest technological advancements throughout the different parts of the world has changed current trends and made the people to get attracted towards the use of these technologies (Walker, 2015). Therefore, the introduction of the new product that is the combination of the smartphone and tablet will help in increasing the satisfaction level of the customers to a large extent (Bosomworth, 2015). The company is focusing on promoting the products effectively throughout the different market segments of Australia and online marketing channels are used in order to sell the products. Promotional campaigns will, therefore, work in creating the desired impact on the minds of the customers effectively. References Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M., 2012.Marketing strategy, text, and cases. Nelson Education. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Thompson, C., 2013." Small but Mighty," Small Business Marketing Strategy for Entering into New Market Segments(Doctoral dissertation). Morgan, N.A., Katsikeas, C.S. and Vorhies, D.W., 2012. Export marketing strategy implementation, export marketing capabilities, and export venture performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), pp.271-289. Tripp, C.D., 2014.An integrated marketing plan and strategic analysis for birthline pregnancy services(Doctoral dissertation, THE COLLEGE OF ST. SCHOLASTICA). Li, Y., 2013. Analysis for Marketing Strategy Plan of Pharmaceutical Company: Case: Jiangxi Chenxi Pharmaceutical Company. Fifield, P., 2012.Marketing strategy. Routledge. Agrawal, A.D., 2013. Green Marketing: Sustainable Marketing Strategy.Indira Management Review,17. Westwood, J., 2013.How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Bng, A. and Roos, C., 2014. Digital Marketing Strategy. Walker, O.C., 2015.Marketing Strategy: A Decision-Based Approach. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Bosomworth, D., 2013. Mobile marketing statistics 2015.Smart Insights site.

Survival (3060 words) Essay Example For Students

Survival (3060 words) Essay SurvivalSURVIVALTable of ContentsCHAPTER PAGE NUMBER1. DEFINITIONS 2 2. SHELTERS 2-33. FIRE 3-64. FOOD 6-75. WATER 76. TOOLS 87. SURVIVAL KITS 9-10DEFINITIONSSurvival ? Survival is emerging from natural or manmade disaster in a better position than the average person. Preparedness ? Preparedness is making preparations before disaster or disasters strike to improve your chances of survival. SHELTERShelters are made to stay out of the wind, rain, and sun. Shelters are also used to live in and get plenty of rest. There are many types of shelters. The shelters are classified in to two categories, natural and man made. Natural shelters are shelters that you can find naturally made or not man made. There are many natural shelters. Here are some examples of natural shelters, caves, rocky overhangs, thickets, and many more. You can also find some other types of natural shelters. Man made shelters are shelter that you make. You may be lucky and find an abandoned building or some type of shelter. There are many types of man made shelters like lean-tos, igloos, brick shelters and many more. Here are some examples below that you can make. You can also create and make your very own shelter for your specific needs. Lean -To shelters are shelters that you lean branches or some item onto another. You just need branches or trees, leaves and ferns. Ferns will help waterproof the roof and any other areas that you want waterproofed. Mud brick shelters are sturdier but may take longer to build. You cut the turf in to the size of bricks you want. Then you can build the walls for the shelter. Next you need to build a roof (ferns would work well). Igloos can be made if there is snow. You need a snow pile. First put a backpack or some object in snow at top. Then, dig out an entrance that is big enough for you to get in and out. Next, dig until you find backpack or object, then pull it out carefully. Finally, excavate or shape the inside. Here are some ideas of shelter that you may be able to build. FIRETo build a fire you need three types of materials. The three types of material are tinder, kindling and fuel. Tinder? Birch Bark ? Fine wood shavings ? Dead grass, leaves? Straw ? Sawdust ? Dead evergreen needles ? Completely rooted parts of dead logs ? Bird down(fine feathers) ? Milkweed, dry cattails, bulrush? Fine, dried vegetable fibers ? Lint from pocket and seams ? Waxed paper ? Gunpowder ? Cotton Kindling? Small twigs ? Small strips of wood ? Split wood ? Heavy cardboard ? Pieces of wood removed from the inside of larger pieces ? Wood that has been doused with highly flammable materials such as gas, oil, or wax Fuel? Dry, standing wood and dry, dead branches ? Dry inside (heart) of fallen tree trunks and large branches ? Green wood that is finely split ? Dry grasses twisted into bunches ? Peat dry enough to burn (this may be found at the top of undercut banks) ? Dried animal dung ? Animal fats ? Coal, oil shale, or oil lying on the surface BUILDING THE FIREBuilding a fire may take some time, but in the end it is worth it. There are for main ways to build or lay a fire. They are Teepee , Lean ? To, Pyramid, and Cross ? Ditch. Teepee ? Arrange the tinder and a few sticks of kindling into the shape of a teepee or cone. Light the center and the outside logs will fall inward, feeding the fire. Lean-To -Push a stick into the ground at a 30 ? angle, with the end of the stick pointing into the wind. Put tinder far under the lean-to stick. Lean some kindling against the lean-to stick. As the kindling catches fire add more wood or fuel. Pyramid- Place two larger logs parallel on the ground. Place a solid layer of smaller logs across the two logs. Add 3 to 4 more layers, each layer smaller than the last. Make a small starter fire on top, as it burns it will light the logs below it. Cross-Ditch- Scratch a cross about 12 inches in size on the ground, and about 3 inches deep. Put a wad of tinder in the center, then build a kindling pyramid above it. The ditch is a draft for the fire. LIGHTING THE FIRELighting the fire can be easy if you have the right equipment, if you dont have the equipment you will have to improvise. Light your fire from the upwind side. Make sure you have all the tinder, kindling, and fuel needed before you start. Convex Lens The lens can be from binoculars, cameras, telescopic sights, and magnifying glasses. Angle the lens to concentrate the suns rays one dot on the tinder. Hold the lens over the same dot until the tinder begins to smolder. Metal Match Place the tip of the metal match on the tinder, hold the metal match in one hand and a knife in the other. Scrape the knife against the metal match to produce sparks. The sparks will hit the tinder and start to burn. Gunpowder Carefully take the bullet from the shell casing, and use the gunpowder as tinder. A spark will ignite the powder but it may have very small explosion. Be very careful. Battery Attach the wires to each terminal. Touch the ends of the bare wires together next to the tinder so the sparks will ignite it and start fire. Matches Make sure the matches are waterproof, if not keep them dry. Store them in a waterproof container along with a few dependable striker pads. Flint and Steel The flint and steel method is the most reliable method and probably the easiest. Strike a piece of flint or a sharp-edged rock edge with a piece of carbon steel (stainless steel will not produce a good spark). This method requires practice. Fire-Plow Rub a hardwood shaft against a softer wood. Cut a straight groove in the base and plow or slide the blunt tip of the shaft up and down the groove. The plowing or sliding action of the shaft pushes out small particles of wood fiber. Then, as you apply more pressure on each stroke, the friction ignites the wood particles and it will then burn. Essay on Wolfgang Amadeus MozartNatural shelters are shelters that you can find naturally made or not man made. There are many natural shelters. Here are some examples of natural shelters, caves, rocky overhangs, thickets, and many more. You can also find some other types of natural shelters. Man made shelters are shelter that you make. You may be lucky and find an abandoned building or some type of shelter. There are many types of man made shelters like lean-tos, igloos, brick shelters and many more. Here are some examples below that you can make. You can also create and make your very own shelter for your specific needs. Lean -To shelters are shelters that you lean branches or some item onto another. You just need branches or trees, leaves and ferns. Ferns will help waterproof the roof and any other areas that you want waterproofed. Mud brick shelters are sturdier but may take longer to build. You cut the turf in to the size of bricks you want. Then you can build the walls for the shelter. Next you need to build a roof (ferns would work well). Igloos can be made if there is snow. You need a snow pile. First put a backpack or some object in snow at top. Then, dig out an entrance that is big enough for you to get in and out. Next, dig until you find backpack or object, then pull it out carefully. Finally, excavate or shape the inside. Here are some ideas of shelter that you may be able to build. FIRETo build a fire you need three types of materials. The three types of material are tinder, kindling and fuel. Tinder? Birch Bark ? Fine wood shavings ? Dead grass, leaves? Straw ? Sawdust ? Dead evergreen needles ? Completely rooted parts of dead logs ? Bird down(fine feathers) ? Milkweed, dry cattails, bulrush? Fine, dried vegetable fibers ? Lint from pocket and seams ? Waxed paper ? Gunpowder ? Cotton Kindling? Small twigs ? Small strips of wood ? Split wood ? Heavy cardboard ? Pieces of wood removed from the inside of larger pieces ? Wood that has been doused with highly flammable materials such as gas, oil, or wax Fuel? Dry, standing wood and dry, dead branches ? Dry inside (heart) of fallen tree trunks and large branches ? Green wood that is finely split ? Dry grasses twisted into bunches ? Peat dry enough to burn (this may be found at the top of undercut banks) ? Dried animal dung ? Animal fats ? Coal, oil shale, or oil lying on the surface BUILDING THE FIREBuilding a fire may take some time, but in the end it is worth it. There are for main ways to build or lay a fire. They are Teepee , Lean ? To, Pyramid, and Cross ? Ditch. Teepee ? Arrange the tinder and a few sticks of kindling into the shape of a teepee or cone. Light the center and the outside logs will fall inward, feeding the fire. Lean-To -Push a stick into the ground at a 30 ? angle, with the end of the stick pointing into the wind. Put tinder far under the lean-to stick. Lean some kindling against the lean-to stick. As the kindling catches fire add more wood or fuel. Pyramid- Place two larger logs parallel on the ground. Place a solid layer of smaller logs across the two logs. Add 3 to 4 more layers, each layer smaller than the last. Make a small starter fire on top, as it burns it will light the logs below it. Cross-Ditch- Scratch a cross about 12 inches in size on the ground, and about 3 inches deep. Put a wad of tinder in the center, then build a kindling pyramid above it. The ditch is a draft for the fire. LIGHTING THE FIRELighting the fire can be easy if you have the right equipment, if you dont have the equipment you will have to improvise. Light your fire from the upwind side. Make sure you have all the tinder, kindling, and fuel needed before you start. Convex Lens The lens can be from binoculars, cameras, telescopic sights, and magnifying glasses. Angle the lens to concentrate the suns rays one dot on the tinder. Hold the lens over the same dot until the tinder begins to smolder. Metal Match Place the tip of the metal match on the tinder, hold the metal match in one hand and a knife in the other. Scrape the knife against the metal match to produce sparks. The sparks will hit the tinder and start to burn. Gunpowder Carefully take the bullet from the shell casing, and use the gunpowder as tinder. A spark will ignite the powder but it may have very small explosion. Be very careful. Battery Attach the wires to each terminal. Touch the ends of the bare wires together next to the tinder so the sparks will ignite it and start fire. Matches Make sure the matches are waterproof, if not keep them dry. Store them in a waterproof container along with a few dependable striker pads. Flint and Steel The flint and steel method is the most reliable method and probably the easiest. Strike a piece of flint or a sharp-edged rock edge with a piece of carbon steel (stainless steel will not produce a good spark). This method requires practice. Fire-Plow Rub a hardwood shaft against a softer wood. Cut a straight groove in the base and plow or slide the blunt tip of the shaft up and down the groove. The plowing or sliding action of the shaft pushes out small particles of wood fiber. Then, as you apply more pressure on each stroke, the friction ignites the wood particles and it will then burn. Bow and Drill Place a bundle of tinder under the V-shaped cut in the fire board or softwood board. Place one foot on the board. Loop the bowstring over the drill and place the drill in the precut V depression on the fire board. Place the socket, held in one hand, on top of the drill to hoTechnology