Survival (3060 words) Essay Example For Students

Survival (3060 words) Essay SurvivalSURVIVALTable of ContentsCHAPTER PAGE NUMBER1. DEFINITIONS 2 2. SHELTERS 2-33. FIRE 3-64. FOOD 6-75. WATER 76. TOOLS 87. SURVIVAL KITS 9-10DEFINITIONSSurvival ? Survival is emerging from natural or manmade disaster in a better position than the average person. Preparedness ? Preparedness is making preparations before disaster or disasters strike to improve your chances of survival. SHELTERShelters are made to stay out of the wind, rain, and sun. Shelters are also used to live in and get plenty of rest. There are many types of shelters. The shelters are classified in to two categories, natural and man made. Natural shelters are shelters that you can find naturally made or not man made. There are many natural shelters. Here are some examples of natural shelters, caves, rocky overhangs, thickets, and many more. You can also find some other types of natural shelters. Man made shelters are shelter that you make. You may be lucky and find an abandoned building or some type of shelter. There are many types of man made shelters like lean-tos, igloos, brick shelters and many more. Here are some examples below that you can make. You can also create and make your very own shelter for your specific needs. Lean -To shelters are shelters that you lean branches or some item onto another. You just need branches or trees, leaves and ferns. Ferns will help waterproof the roof and any other areas that you want waterproofed. Mud brick shelters are sturdier but may take longer to build. You cut the turf in to the size of bricks you want. Then you can build the walls for the shelter. Next you need to build a roof (ferns would work well). Igloos can be made if there is snow. You need a snow pile. First put a backpack or some object in snow at top. Then, dig out an entrance that is big enough for you to get in and out. Next, dig until you find backpack or object, then pull it out carefully. Finally, excavate or shape the inside. Here are some ideas of shelter that you may be able to build. FIRETo build a fire you need three types of materials. The three types of material are tinder, kindling and fuel. Tinder? Birch Bark ? Fine wood shavings ? Dead grass, leaves? Straw ? Sawdust ? Dead evergreen needles ? Completely rooted parts of dead logs ? Bird down(fine feathers) ? Milkweed, dry cattails, bulrush? Fine, dried vegetable fibers ? Lint from pocket and seams ? Waxed paper ? Gunpowder ? Cotton Kindling? Small twigs ? Small strips of wood ? Split wood ? Heavy cardboard ? Pieces of wood removed from the inside of larger pieces ? Wood that has been doused with highly flammable materials such as gas, oil, or wax Fuel? Dry, standing wood and dry, dead branches ? Dry inside (heart) of fallen tree trunks and large branches ? Green wood that is finely split ? Dry grasses twisted into bunches ? Peat dry enough to burn (this may be found at the top of undercut banks) ? Dried animal dung ? Animal fats ? Coal, oil shale, or oil lying on the surface BUILDING THE FIREBuilding a fire may take some time, but in the end it is worth it. There are for main ways to build or lay a fire. They are Teepee , Lean ? To, Pyramid, and Cross ? Ditch. Teepee ? Arrange the tinder and a few sticks of kindling into the shape of a teepee or cone. Light the center and the outside logs will fall inward, feeding the fire. Lean-To -Push a stick into the ground at a 30 ? angle, with the end of the stick pointing into the wind. Put tinder far under the lean-to stick. Lean some kindling against the lean-to stick. As the kindling catches fire add more wood or fuel. Pyramid- Place two larger logs parallel on the ground. Place a solid layer of smaller logs across the two logs. Add 3 to 4 more layers, each layer smaller than the last. Make a small starter fire on top, as it burns it will light the logs below it. Cross-Ditch- Scratch a cross about 12 inches in size on the ground, and about 3 inches deep. Put a wad of tinder in the center, then build a kindling pyramid above it. The ditch is a draft for the fire. LIGHTING THE FIRELighting the fire can be easy if you have the right equipment, if you dont have the equipment you will have to improvise. Light your fire from the upwind side. Make sure you have all the tinder, kindling, and fuel needed before you start. Convex Lens The lens can be from binoculars, cameras, telescopic sights, and magnifying glasses. Angle the lens to concentrate the suns rays one dot on the tinder. Hold the lens over the same dot until the tinder begins to smolder. Metal Match Place the tip of the metal match on the tinder, hold the metal match in one hand and a knife in the other. Scrape the knife against the metal match to produce sparks. The sparks will hit the tinder and start to burn. Gunpowder Carefully take the bullet from the shell casing, and use the gunpowder as tinder. A spark will ignite the powder but it may have very small explosion. Be very careful. Battery Attach the wires to each terminal. Touch the ends of the bare wires together next to the tinder so the sparks will ignite it and start fire. Matches Make sure the matches are waterproof, if not keep them dry. Store them in a waterproof container along with a few dependable striker pads. Flint and Steel The flint and steel method is the most reliable method and probably the easiest. Strike a piece of flint or a sharp-edged rock edge with a piece of carbon steel (stainless steel will not produce a good spark). This method requires practice. Fire-Plow Rub a hardwood shaft against a softer wood. Cut a straight groove in the base and plow or slide the blunt tip of the shaft up and down the groove. The plowing or sliding action of the shaft pushes out small particles of wood fiber. Then, as you apply more pressure on each stroke, the friction ignites the wood particles and it will then burn. Essay on Wolfgang Amadeus MozartNatural shelters are shelters that you can find naturally made or not man made. There are many natural shelters. Here are some examples of natural shelters, caves, rocky overhangs, thickets, and many more. You can also find some other types of natural shelters. Man made shelters are shelter that you make. You may be lucky and find an abandoned building or some type of shelter. There are many types of man made shelters like lean-tos, igloos, brick shelters and many more. Here are some examples below that you can make. You can also create and make your very own shelter for your specific needs. Lean -To shelters are shelters that you lean branches or some item onto another. You just need branches or trees, leaves and ferns. Ferns will help waterproof the roof and any other areas that you want waterproofed. Mud brick shelters are sturdier but may take longer to build. You cut the turf in to the size of bricks you want. Then you can build the walls for the shelter. Next you need to build a roof (ferns would work well). Igloos can be made if there is snow. You need a snow pile. First put a backpack or some object in snow at top. Then, dig out an entrance that is big enough for you to get in and out. Next, dig until you find backpack or object, then pull it out carefully. Finally, excavate or shape the inside. Here are some ideas of shelter that you may be able to build. FIRETo build a fire you need three types of materials. The three types of material are tinder, kindling and fuel. Tinder? Birch Bark ? Fine wood shavings ? Dead grass, leaves? Straw ? Sawdust ? Dead evergreen needles ? Completely rooted parts of dead logs ? Bird down(fine feathers) ? Milkweed, dry cattails, bulrush? Fine, dried vegetable fibers ? Lint from pocket and seams ? Waxed paper ? Gunpowder ? Cotton Kindling? Small twigs ? Small strips of wood ? Split wood ? Heavy cardboard ? Pieces of wood removed from the inside of larger pieces ? Wood that has been doused with highly flammable materials such as gas, oil, or wax Fuel? Dry, standing wood and dry, dead branches ? Dry inside (heart) of fallen tree trunks and large branches ? Green wood that is finely split ? Dry grasses twisted into bunches ? Peat dry enough to burn (this may be found at the top of undercut banks) ? Dried animal dung ? Animal fats ? Coal, oil shale, or oil lying on the surface BUILDING THE FIREBuilding a fire may take some time, but in the end it is worth it. There are for main ways to build or lay a fire. They are Teepee , Lean ? To, Pyramid, and Cross ? Ditch. Teepee ? Arrange the tinder and a few sticks of kindling into the shape of a teepee or cone. Light the center and the outside logs will fall inward, feeding the fire. Lean-To -Push a stick into the ground at a 30 ? angle, with the end of the stick pointing into the wind. Put tinder far under the lean-to stick. Lean some kindling against the lean-to stick. As the kindling catches fire add more wood or fuel. Pyramid- Place two larger logs parallel on the ground. Place a solid layer of smaller logs across the two logs. Add 3 to 4 more layers, each layer smaller than the last. Make a small starter fire on top, as it burns it will light the logs below it. Cross-Ditch- Scratch a cross about 12 inches in size on the ground, and about 3 inches deep. Put a wad of tinder in the center, then build a kindling pyramid above it. The ditch is a draft for the fire. LIGHTING THE FIRELighting the fire can be easy if you have the right equipment, if you dont have the equipment you will have to improvise. Light your fire from the upwind side. Make sure you have all the tinder, kindling, and fuel needed before you start. Convex Lens The lens can be from binoculars, cameras, telescopic sights, and magnifying glasses. Angle the lens to concentrate the suns rays one dot on the tinder. Hold the lens over the same dot until the tinder begins to smolder. Metal Match Place the tip of the metal match on the tinder, hold the metal match in one hand and a knife in the other. Scrape the knife against the metal match to produce sparks. The sparks will hit the tinder and start to burn. Gunpowder Carefully take the bullet from the shell casing, and use the gunpowder as tinder. A spark will ignite the powder but it may have very small explosion. Be very careful. Battery Attach the wires to each terminal. Touch the ends of the bare wires together next to the tinder so the sparks will ignite it and start fire. Matches Make sure the matches are waterproof, if not keep them dry. Store them in a waterproof container along with a few dependable striker pads. Flint and Steel The flint and steel method is the most reliable method and probably the easiest. Strike a piece of flint or a sharp-edged rock edge with a piece of carbon steel (stainless steel will not produce a good spark). This method requires practice. Fire-Plow Rub a hardwood shaft against a softer wood. Cut a straight groove in the base and plow or slide the blunt tip of the shaft up and down the groove. The plowing or sliding action of the shaft pushes out small particles of wood fiber. Then, as you apply more pressure on each stroke, the friction ignites the wood particles and it will then burn. Bow and Drill Place a bundle of tinder under the V-shaped cut in the fire board or softwood board. Place one foot on the board. Loop the bowstring over the drill and place the drill in the precut V depression on the fire board. Place the socket, held in one hand, on top of the drill to hoTechnology